Both the samurai warrior structure and the caste system restricted the use of weapons by members of non-warrior castes. Originally, samurai were expected to be proficient in many weapons, as well as unarmed combat, and attain the highest possible mastery of combat skills. Over time, this purpose gave way to a philosophy of achieving spiritual goals by striving to perfect their martial skills.

This philosophical shift was possible because of Japan’s relative isolation. Compared with the rest of the world, Japanese tools of war evolved slowly. This afforded the warrior class the opportunity to study these tools, such as swords, and train in depth. This depth of training led to the development of many different styles and techniques.

Of these Japanese martial arts, the sword fighting martial art of Kendo is the oldest.
There is a distinction today between the traditional (koryū ) arts, which are a continuation of the ancient martial arts, and the modern arts, which focus primarily upon self-improvement of the practitioner (mental, physical and spiritual), as well as sport and self defense.

The enduring sport of sumo wrestling, which traces its origins to 23 BC, still employs ancient traditions and rituals – the referee is dressed as a Shinto priest, and the competitors engage in ceremonial acts such as throwing salt into the ring. Both reflect the role sumo wrestling had in the Shinto religion.

Some modern martial arts include judo, kendo and aikido. These arts are referred to as “Gendai budō,” which means, “modern martial way.” These arts trace elements and principles back to ancient times, but were developed in the mid-1800s and later to incorporate the principles of self-betterment.

One major departure from more traditional forms of Japanese martial arts was the introduction of rankings, along with colored belts. These rankings replaced the various certificates awarded within the traditional arts.